Proportional–Integral–Derivative (PID) controllers have been widely used in industrial systems due to their simple structure and ease of implementation. However, because the parameters of classical PID controllers are fixed, uncertainties, nonlinearities, and variations in system dynamics may degrade their control performance. To address these limitations, fuzzy logic systems (FLSs) have been incorporated into PID controllers to enhance adaptability and robustness without requiring an accurate mathematical model of the controlled plant. This paper presents a comprehensive survey of model-free fuzzy PID and PI control approaches. In particular, two widely used architectures, fuzzy gain scheduling PID (FGPID) and fuzzy PID (FPID) controllers, are reviewed and analyzed. Different implementations of these controllers based on type-1 fuzzy logic systems (T1FLS), interval type-2 fuzzy logic systems (IT2FLS), and general type-2 fuzzy logic systems (GT2FLS) are discussed. Furthermore, various tuning strategies for fuzzy parameters, including analytical methods, gradient-based learning, and evolutionary optimization algorithms, are examined. The challenges associated with parameter tuning and closed-loop stability analysis are also highlighted. The survey provides a structured overview of recent developments and identifies open research directions for improving the design, stability, and practical implementation of fuzzy PID controllers in complex nonlinear systems.
Sabahi, K. , Mohammadzadeh, A. , Tavan, M. and Aminzadeh Ghavifekr, A. (2026). Survey on the Recent Design and Tuning Approaches for model-free Fuzzy PID/PI Controllers. Tabriz Journal of Electrical Engineering, (), -. doi: 10.22034/tjee.2026.71192.5119
MLA
Sabahi, K. , , Mohammadzadeh, A. , , Tavan, M. , and Aminzadeh Ghavifekr, A. . "Survey on the Recent Design and Tuning Approaches for model-free Fuzzy PID/PI Controllers", Tabriz Journal of Electrical Engineering, , , 2026, -. doi: 10.22034/tjee.2026.71192.5119
HARVARD
Sabahi, K., Mohammadzadeh, A., Tavan, M., Aminzadeh Ghavifekr, A. (2026). 'Survey on the Recent Design and Tuning Approaches for model-free Fuzzy PID/PI Controllers', Tabriz Journal of Electrical Engineering, (), pp. -. doi: 10.22034/tjee.2026.71192.5119
CHICAGO
K. Sabahi , A. Mohammadzadeh , M. Tavan and A. Aminzadeh Ghavifekr, "Survey on the Recent Design and Tuning Approaches for model-free Fuzzy PID/PI Controllers," Tabriz Journal of Electrical Engineering, (2026): -, doi: 10.22034/tjee.2026.71192.5119
VANCOUVER
Sabahi, K., Mohammadzadeh, A., Tavan, M., Aminzadeh Ghavifekr, A. Survey on the Recent Design and Tuning Approaches for model-free Fuzzy PID/PI Controllers. Tabriz Journal of Electrical Engineering, 2026; (): -. doi: 10.22034/tjee.2026.71192.5119
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